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The Staten Island Ferry's Whitehall Terminal, located at 4 South Street, at the corner of Whitehall Street, is the terminal in the South Ferry area of Lower Manhattan used by the Staten Island Ferry, which connects the two island boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island in New York City. It was completely renovated and rededicated in February 2005 as a major integrated transportation hub for the ferry, buses, subways, taxis, and bicycle lanes. The ferry travels between the Whitehall Terminal in Manhattan and the St. George Terminal in Staten Island. ==History== Originally, before the terminal was first built, ferry service was provided as early as the 1700s by individuals (and later private companies) with their own boats, but a ferry accident on June 14, 1901, involving two ferries from different companies, was used by the city as justification to take control of ferries as part of the public transportation system.〔(Siferry.com: Staten Island Ferry information website ), retrieved February 22, 2011.〕 The original Whitehall Terminal, called the "Whitehall Street Ferry Terminal,"〔Chen, David, ("Sleeker Design for Staten Island Ferry Terminal is Unveiled" ), ''New York Times'' (March 20, 1997), retrieved February 22, 2011〕 served Brooklyn, Governors Island, Staten Island, and Weehawken, for passengers who traveled mainly by a system of elevated trains (the "els").〔(Staten Island Museum website ), retrieved February 22, 2011.〕 However, as subways replaced the els, and cars began to travel through an increasing number of bridges and tunnels such as the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, new terminal facilities were built at Whitehall with the primary purpose of serving the Staten Island Ferry. The ferry began operating under the municipal authority of the Department of Docks and Ferries on October 25, 1905, seven years after the five boroughs were consolidated into New York City.〔 The "Municipal Ferry Terminal" was erected in 1908–9, during the administration of Mayor George McClellan, and designed by the architectural firm of Walker and Morris.〔Photo of 1909 dedication plaque〕 The older Whitehall Terminal was purely functional, described as a "squat, washed-out green hulk in which function vanquished form," and was once referred to by the American Institute of Architects as ''the world's most banal portal of joy.''〔 When that terminal was gutted in 1991 as a result of a major fire, the city saw the chance to replace it with a building in which it could take pride—but a fourteen-year period of design plan submissions, rejections, and changes, delayed construction again and again—in addition to the basic construction challenges inherent in the rebuilding of the terminal in a way which would cause little or no disruption to ferry service on the water or subway service underneath the construction site.〔 In 1992, the New York City Economic Development Corporation held an international competition for a replacement facility, and selected a design for the terminal from Robert Venturi in the following year. Other entrants included Rafael Vinoly, Aldo Rossi, Polshek Partners and SOM. The winning design featured a barrel vaulted waiting room whose ceiling was higher than Grand Central Terminal's. This design also incorporated a large electronic facade facing the harbor, which would have been the largest clock in the world; however, it was deemed by civic authorities as architecturally unacceptable. The clock was removed in a redesign by Venturi and the redesign also included windows facing Lower Manhattan and a large indoor LED display. Eventually, Venturi left the project due to budget cuts and Frederic Schwartz became the new architect.〔 The design ultimately accepted, produced by former Whitehall Architectural Design director Ronald Evitts and Fred Schwartz, called for a structure to replace the existing building, with a entry hall, and a waiting room that was 50% larger, with views of the New York Harbor.〔 Schwartz's design included the same high glass wall on the Lower Manhattan side as the design of Venturi did. The size of the LED display in Venturi's design was heavily reduced.〔 Also added were a rooftop waterfront viewing deck with a photovoltaic array on its canopy, a long sinuous canopy on the street side with the words "Staten Island Ferry" on it,〔 a Percent for Art installation called ''Slips'' by Dennis Adams, and connections on either end to the waterfront esplanade on the east and west sides of Manhattan. The reopening of the Whitehall Terminal took place in 2005.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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